The biological pump transports organic matter, created by phytoplankton productivity in the
well-lit surface ocean, to the ocean's dark interior, where it is consumed by animals and …

Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean colour) and inferred chlorophyll
concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics at seasonal and inter-annual …

Autonomous platforms already make observations over a wide range of temporal and spatial
scales, measuring salinity, temperature, nitrate, pressure, oxygen, biomass, and many other …

Lidar techniques present a distinctive ability to resolve vertical structure of optical properties
within the upper water column at both day-and night-time. However, accuracy challenges …

The ocean plays a central role in modulating the Earth's carbon cycle. Monitoring how the
ocean carbon cycle is changing is fundamental to managing climate change. Satellite …

The element carbon plays a central role in climate and life on Earth. It is capable of moving
among the geosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. This flow of …

Lidar (light detection and ranging, also LIDAR, LiDAR, and LADAR) advanced rapidly after
the invention of the laser in 1960 (Maiman, 1960; Woodbury et al., 1961; Smullin and Fiocco …

Polar ocean ecosystems are experiencing rapid environmental change, but measuring the
associated phytoplankton responses is challenging using traditional satellite passive ocean …

Ocean color satellites have provided a synoptic view of global phytoplankton for over 25
years through near surface measurements of the concentration of chlorophyll a. While …

Traditional lidar techniques mainly rely on the backscattering/echo light intensity and
spectrum as information sources. In contrast, polarization lidar (P-lidar) expands the …