Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne disease that predominantly occurs in temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere and is primarily caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi in …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) survey intra-and extracellular spaces for pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial products of infection. Recognition …

In little more than 30 years, Lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochaete Borrelia
burgdorferi, has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health problem and a …

Human blood CD14+ monocytes are bone marrow–derived white blood cells that sense and
respond to pathogens. Although innate immune activation by RNA viruses preferentially …

The liver is an important immunological organ that remains sterile and tolerogenic in
homeostasis, despite continual exposure to non‐self food and microbial‐derived products …

The ability of innate immune cells to sense and respond to impending danger varies by
anatomical location. The liver is considered tolerogenic but is still capable of mounting a …

The endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are important in
sensing foreign nucleic acids encountered by phagocytes. Because TLR8 was initially …

The receptors of the innate immune system detect specific microbial ligands to promote
effective inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. Although this idea is well …

In the past few years, new developments have been reported on the role of Toll-like
receptors (TLRs) in chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases. The inhibitory function of …

Lyme disease was originally identified in Lyme, Connecticut, based upon an unusual cluster
of what appeared to be patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It was subsequently …