Plant hormones play central roles in plant growth, developmental processes, and plant
response to biotic and abiotic stresses. On the one hand, plant hormones may allocate …

Systemic immunity triggered by local plant–microbe interactions is studied as systemic
acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) depending on the site of …

Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops.
Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion …

During their lifetime, plants encounter numerous biotic and abiotic stresses with diverse
modes of attack. Phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonate …

There is no argument to the fact that insect herbivores cause significant losses to plant
productivity in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. To counter this continuous …

The interaction of plants with complex microbial communities is the result of co‐evolution
over millions of years and contributed to plant transition and adaptation to land. The ability of …

Phosphorus (P) is a macronutrient necessary for plant growth and development. Inorganic
phosphate (Pi) deficiency modulates the signaling pathway of the phytohormone jasmonate …

Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense
response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying …

Growth–defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which
demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal …

Studies with model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that phytohormones
are central regulators of plant defense. The intricate network of phytohormone signaling …