Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

Large volcanic eruptions are an important driving factor of natural climate variability. A
sound assessment of the role of volcanoes in the climate system in comparison to other …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

Evidence of the effect of external influences on the climate system has continued to
accumulate since the Third Assessment Report (TAR). The evidence now available is …

The Earth's climate is changing rapidly as a result of anthropogenic carbon emissions, and
damaging impacts are expected to increase with warming. To prevent these and limit long …

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that dominates Earth's terrestrial radiation absorption. As
the planetary temperature warms, forced by increasing CO 2 and other greenhouse gases …

A methodology is described for probabilistic predictions of future climate. This is based on a
set of ensemble simulations of equilibrium and time-dependent changes, carried out by …

Reconstructions of past climate show notable temperature variability over the past
millennium, with relatively warm conditions during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) …

The term 'feedback'is used ubiquitously in climate research, but implies varied meanings in
different contexts. From a specific process that locally affects a quantity, to a formal …

Level 1 measurements, including cross‐polarized backscatter, from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar
with Orthogonal Polarization lidar, have been used to document the vertical structure of the …