Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump. The primary photochemical event
upon light absorption is isomerization of the retinal chromophore. Here we used time …

Examples of self-propulsion in strongly fluctuating environments are abundant in nature, eg,
molecular motors and pumps operating in living cells. Starting from the Langevin equation of …

Abstract Within the Rayleigh-Helmholtz model of active Brownian particles, activity is due to
a nonlinear velocity-dependent force. In the presence of external trapping potential or …

The fluctuation theorem is a representative theorem in non-equilibrium statistical physics
actively studied in the 1990s. Relating to entropy production in non-equilibrium states, the …

Pigment organelles known as melanosomes disperse or aggregate in a melanophore in
response to hormones. These movements are mediated by the microtubule motors kinesin-2 …

We observed the motion of an organelle transported by motor proteins in cells using
fluorescence microscopy. Particularly, among organelles, the mitochondria in PC12 cells …

Nonequilibrium stochastic dynamics of several active Brownian systems are modeled in
terms of nonlinear velocity dependent force. In general, this force may consist of both even …

Vacuolar-type H+-pumping ATPases (V-ATPases) perform remarkably diverse functions in
eukaryotic organisms. They are present in the membranes of many organelles and regulate …

In mammalian cells, there exist approximately 40 types of microtubule motor proteins that
are assigned to specific cargo deliveries. For example, the kinesin-1 family motor KIF5 is the …

F1-ATPase (F1) is a rotary motor protein in which the rotor γ subunit rotates in the α3β3 ring
hydrolyzing adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP). Several fluctuation theories of …