Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory
neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of …

An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated
and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance—as is the case in some …

Glutamate excitotoxicity is a hypothesis that states excessive glutamate causes neuronal
dysfunction and degeneration. As glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a
multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions …

The hormones and other physiological agents that mediate the effects of stress on the body
have protective and adaptive effects in the short run and yet can accelerate pathophysiology …

▪ Abstract The hippocampus is a target of stress hormones, and it is an especially plastic and
vulnerable region of the brain. It also responds to gonadal, thyroid, and adrenal hormones …

Our understanding of the molecular properties of kainate receptors and their involvement in
synaptic physiology has progressed significantly over the last 30 years. A plethora of studies …

Glutamate receptors (GluRs) mediate most of the excitatory neurotransmission in the
mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In addition, they are involved in plastic changes …

Glutamic acid is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous
system. Glutamic acid binds to a variety of excitatory amino acid receptors, which are ligand …