T cell activation is a critical event in the adaptive immune response, indispensable for cell-
mediated and humoral immunity as well as for immune regulation. Recent years have …

Nanomedicine aims to find novel solutions for urgent biomedical needs. Despite this, one of
the most challenging hurdles that nanomedicine faces is to successfully target therapeutic …

T lymphocytes use surface α β T-cell receptors (TCRs) to recognize peptides bound to MHC
molecules (pMHCs) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). How the exquisite specificity of high …

Abstract BCRs (Abs) and TCRs (or adaptive immune receptors [AIRs]) are the means by
which the adaptive immune system recognizes foreign and self-antigens, playing an integral …

Since the pioneering works of Berg and Purcell, discriminating between diffusion followed
by binding has played a central role in understanding cell signaling. B cell receptors (BCR) …

Mammalian and bacterial cells sense and exert mechanical forces through the process of
mechanotransduction, which interconverts biochemical and physical signals. This is …

Cytotoxic T cells recognize, via their T cell receptors (TCRs), small antigenic peptides
presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) on the surface of professional …

To support effective host defense, the T cell repertoire must balance breadth of recognition
with sensitivity for antigen. The concept that T lymphocytes are positively selected in the …

Gaining insights into the intercellular receptor-ligand binding is of great importance for
understanding numerous physiological and pathological processes, and stimulating new …

Abstract CD40-CD40L and inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS)-ICOSL ligations are
demonstrated to play critical roles in CD4+ TB interaction for B cell activation and …