Distance distributions between paramagnetic centers in the range of 1.8 to 6 nm in
membrane proteins and up to 10 nm in deuterated soluble proteins can be measured by the …

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy provides a variety of tools to study
structures and structural changes of large biomolecules or complexes thereof. In order to …

Fourier transform of the standard primary electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM)
of nitroxide biradicals in organic glass shows a peak ascribed to electron–electron dipole …

▪ Abstract Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods such as ESEEM,
PELDOR, relaxation time measurements, transient EPR, high-field/high-frequency EPR, and …

Distance measurements in biological systems by EPR The foundation for understanding
function and dynamics of biological systems is knowledge of their structure. Many …

Pulsed dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (PDS) is a valuable method
for determining biomolecular structures and their conformational changes during function …

Cytochrome b559 (Cyt b559), β-carotene (Car), and chlorophyll (Chl) cofactors participate in
the secondary electron-transfer pathways in photosystem II (PSII), which are believed to …

Double electron–electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy can determine, from
measurement of the dipolar interaction, the distance and orientation between two …

PELDOR (or DEER; pulsed electron–electron double resonance) is an EPR (electron
paramagnetic resonance) method that measures via the dipolar electron–electron coupling …

Photosynthesis (PS) teaches us to manipulate power conversion efficiency (PCE) of bio-
photovoltaics (Bio-PVs). Over the past few years, Bio-PVs have struggled with low PCE …