The neuromodulator dopamine (DA) is essential for regulating learning, motivation, and
movement. Despite its importance, however, the mechanisms by which DA influences the …

Adenosine receptors (ARs) are widely acknowledged pharmacological targets yet are still
underutilized in clinical practice. Their ubiquitous distribution in almost all cells and tissues …

The purinergic signaling molecule adenosine (Ado) modulates many physiological and
pathological functions in the brain. However, the exact source of extracellular Ado remains …

Brain computation performed by billions of nerve cells relies on a sufficient and
uninterrupted nutrient and oxygen supply,. Astrocytes, the ubiquitous glial neighbours of …

Dopamine (DA) loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) causes debilitating motor deficits.
However, dopamine is also widely linked to reward prediction and learning, and the …

The degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that innervate the basal ganglia
is responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been …

One key function of the brain is to control our body's movements, allowing us to interact with
the world around us. Yet, many motor behaviors are not innate but require learning through …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing
prevalence. Over 1,000 risk genes have now been implicated in ASD, suggesting diverse …

Abstract cAMP is a universal second messenger regulated by various upstream pathways
including Ca2+ and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To decipher in vivo cAMP …

For roughly the last 30 years, the notion that striatal dopamine (DA) depletion was the critical
determinant of network pathophysiology underlying the motor symptoms of Parkinson's …