Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative
disorder, characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, significantly affecting patients' …

Throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a distinct mucus layer composed of highly
glycosylated proteins called mucins plays an essential role in providing lubrication for the …

Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral
cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents a unique challenge to the mammalian immune
system. It must tolerate the presence of the luminal microbiota and thus not respond to their …

The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

Innate immunity is maintained in part by antigen presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic
cells, macrophages, and B cells. APCs interact with T cells to link innate and adaptive …

Simple Summary The gastrointestinal tract is a complex organization of various types of
epithelial cells forming a single layer of the mucosal barrier, the host mucosal immune …

Background Excessive fat accumulation of pigs is undesirable, as it severely affects
economic returns in the modern pig industry. Studies in humans and mice have examined …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play
an important role in a host immune system. TLR triggering leads to the induction of pro …