Malaria is one of the most devastating human infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium
spp. parasites. A search for an effective and safe vaccine is the main challenge for its …

Water-in-oil emulsion incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) has been used as an adjuvant in
preventive and therapeutic vaccines since its development. New generation, highly purified …

Two malaria parasite species, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv) are responsible
for most of the disease burden caused by malaria. Vaccine development against this …

Adjuvants are essential for vaccine development, especially subunit-based vaccines such
as those containing recombinant proteins. Increasing the knowledge of the immune …

P. vivax is a significant global health problem. There have been recent developments in
understanding the complexity of P. vivax biology and optimization of antimalarial therapy …

Malaria remains a global health challenge, necessitating the development of effective
vaccines. The RTS, S vaccination prevents Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria but is …

Among Plasmodium spp. responsible for human malaria, Plasmodium vivax ranks as the
second most prevalent and has the widest geographical range; however, vaccine …

Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is a pressing public health problem in tropical and
subtropical areas. However, little progress has been made toward developing a P. vivax …

The circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) is the most abundant polypeptide in the
sporozoite covering. This protein is involved in the motility and invasion of the sporozoite …

Background: Malaria has become a serious threat in many developing countries, including
Indonesia. Malaria infection without proper treatment can cause death. Plasmodium berghei …