Exposure to antioxidants and xenobiotics triggers the expression of a myriad of genes
encoding antioxidant proteins, detoxifying enzymes, and xenobiotic transporters to offer …

The recent advent of microphysiological systems–microfluidic biomimetic devices that aspire
to emulate the biology of human tissues, organs and circulation in vitro–is envisaged to …

The SENS-IS test protocol for the in vitro detection of sensitizers is based on a reconstructed
human skin model (Episkin) as the test system and on the analysis of the expression of a …

Sensitization, the prerequisite event in the development of allergic contact dermatitis, is a
key parameter in both hazard and risk assessments. The pathways involved have recently …

Skin sensitization is a toxicity endpoint of widespread concern, for which the mechanistic
understanding and concurrent necessity for non-animal testing approaches have evolved to …

Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are designed to provide a clear-cut mechanistic
representation of critical toxicological effects that propagate over different layers of biological …

All cosmetic products placed onto the market must undergo a risk assessment for human
health to ensure they are safe for consumers, including an assessment of skin sensitisation …

The hazard assessment of skin sensitizers relies mainly on animal testing, but much
progress is made in the development, validation and regulatory acceptance and …

The exposure of the skin to medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics, and other
chemicals renders information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the skin highly …

Green Toxicology refers to the application of predictive toxicology in the sustainable
development and production of new less harmful materials and chemicals, subsequently …