Increased glucose metabolism and uptake are characteristic of many tumors and used
clinically to diagnose and monitor cancer progression. In addition to cancer cells, the tumor …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

PD1 was originally discovered in 1992 as a molecule associated with activation-induced cell
death in T cells. Over the past 30 years, it was found that PD1 has a critical role in avoiding …

Resident memory T cells (TRM) form a distinct type of T memory cells that stably resides in
tissues. TRM form an integral part of the immune sensing network and have the ability to …

Spermidine (SPD) delays age-related pathologies in various organisms. SPD
supplementation overcame the impaired immunotherapy against tumors in aged mice by …

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the most important hallmarks of malignant tumors.
Specifically, lipid metabolic reprogramming has marked impacts on cancer progression and …

Effector, memory and exhaustion are three phenotypes of CD8+ T cell. In tumor
microenvironment (TME), metabolism dysfunction of the three should take the blame for …

CD8+ T cells are the key executioners of the adaptive immune arm, which mediates
antitumor and antiviral immunity. Naïve CD8+ T cells develop in the thymus and are quickly …

The B7/CD28 families of immune checkpoints play vital roles in negatively or positively
regulating immune cells in homeostasis and various diseases. Recent basic and clinical …

T cell differentiation is a highly regulated, multi-step process necessary for the progressive
establishment of effector functions, immunological memory, and long-term control of …