Planets intermediate in size between the Earth and Neptune, and orbiting closer to their host
stars than Mercury does the Sun, are the most common type of planet revealed by exoplanet …

The field of exoplanet atmospheric characterization has recently made considerable
advances with the advent of high-resolution spectroscopy from large ground-based …

Transmission spectroscopy,–of exoplanets has revealed signatures of water vapour,
aerosols and alkali metals in a few dozen exoplanet atmospheres,. However, these previous …

Measuring the abundances of carbon and oxygen in exoplanet atmospheres is considered a
crucial avenue for unlocking the formation and evolution of exoplanetary systems,. Access to …

Exoplanets smaller than Neptune are common around red dwarf stars (M dwarfs), with those
that transit their host star constituting the bulk of known temperate worlds amenable for …

The Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b has been the subject of extensive efforts to
determine its atmospheric properties using transmission spectroscopy,,–. However, these …

The search for habitable environments and biomarkers in exoplanetary atmospheres is the
holy grail of exoplanet science. The detection of atmospheric signatures of habitable Earth …

Close-in giant exoplanets with temperatures greater than 2,000 K ('ultra-hot Jupiters') have
been the subject of extensive efforts to determine their atmospheric properties using thermal …

The population of planets smaller than approximately 1.7 Earth radii (R⊕) is widely
interpreted as consisting of rocky worlds, generally referred to as super-Earths. This picture …

The abundance of refractory elements in giant planets can provide key insights into their
formation histories. Owing to the low temperatures of the Solar System giants, refractory …