Over the past two decades, our understanding of phospoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) has
progressed from the identification of an enzymatic activity associated with growth factors …

Phosphoinositides (PIs) make up only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet they
control almost all aspects of a cell's life and death. These lipids gained tremendous research …

Abstract Phospholipases D (PLD) and C (PLC) hydrolyze the phosphodiesteric linkages of
the head group of membrane phospholipids. PLDs and PLCs in plants occur in different …

Macroautophagy, or simply autophagy, is a degradative pathway that delivers cytoplasmic
components, including cytosol and organelles, to the lysosome in double-membrane …

Membrane fusion, one of the most fundamental processes in life, occurs when two separate
lipid membranes merge into a single continuous bilayer. Fusion reactions share common …

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) governs cell growth and proliferation by
mediating the mitogen-and nutrient-dependent signal transduction that regulates messenger …

The Class III PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), Vps34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34), was first
described as a component of the vacuolar sorting system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and …

▪ Abstract Research in the past decade has revealed that many cytosolic proteins are
recruited to different cellular membranes to form protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions …

All cellular compartments are separated from the external environment by a membrane,
which consists of a lipid bilayer. Subcellular structures, including clathrin-coated pits …

The NADPH oxidase of professional phagocytes is a crucial component of the innate
immune response due to its fundamental role in the production of reactive oxygen species …