Bio-oil upgrading can be achieved mainly via three types of methods that are biomass pre-
treatment, catalytic upgrading and downstream bio-oil upgrading. The article aim is to review …

The utilization of renewable lignocellulosic biomasses for bioenergy synthesis is believed to
facilitate competitive commercialization and realize affordable clean energy sources in the …

Following nature's design principles, biological entities have evolved to be highly efficient
and multifunctional to maximize all the available materials and structures and to survive in …

With drastic fossil fuel depletion and environmental deterioration concerns, a move towards
a more sustainable bioenergy-based economy is essential. Lately, the application of …

Bioenergy, derived from biomass and/or biological (or biomass-derived) waste residues, has
been acknowledged as a sustainable and clean burning source of renewable energy with …

Wet torrefaction (WT) is a sustainable subcritical water pretreatment technology to upgrade
moist biomass into hydrochar solid fuel with superior fuel properties with the avoidance of …

Lignocellulosic and waste materials represent a considerable potential for biofuel
production. Currently, they are not fully utilised due to low biofuel yields from biological …

Biomass structure and reactivity of torrefied products are a matter of great concern to explore
the fuel properties, pyrolysis characteristics, and microcosmic appearance, and life cycle …

Torrefaction is a vital pretreatment technology for thermochemical biorefinery applications
like pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction. Oxidative torrefaction, an economical version of …

Membrane separation has been widely recognized as an energy-efficient technology with a
rapidly growing market. However, such growth raises concerns about sustainability due to …