We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

BACKGROUND Radiocarbon (14C) has long been recognized as providing an essential
dating method covering the past 55,000 years. However, the further role of 14C as a …

Early researchers of radiocarbon levels in Southern Hemisphere tree rings identified a
variable North-South hemispheric offset, necessitating construction of a separate …

Transatlantic exploration took place centuries before the crossing of Columbus. Physical
evidence for early European presence in the Americas can be found in Newfoundland …

Radiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological
or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents …

The injection of sulfur into the stratosphere by volcanic eruptions is the dominant driver of
natural climate variability on interannual to multidecadal timescales. Based on a set of …

Tree-ring chronologies underpin the majority of annually-resolved reconstructions of
Common Era climate. However, they are derived using different datasets and techniques …

Climate reconstructions for the Common Era are compromised by the paucity of annually-
resolved and absolutely-dated proxy records prior to medieval times. Where reconstructions …

Aims. The 11-year solar cycle (Schwabe cycle) is the dominant pattern of solar magnetic
activity reflecting the oscillatory dynamo mechanism in the Sun's convection zone. Solar …

Global and hemispheric temperature reconstructions provide an important means of placing
recent anthropogenic temperature trends in the context of preindustrial climate variations …