Glutamate serves as the dominant central nervous system (CNS) excitatory neurotransmitter,
in part by activating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). While the structure, function …

Tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway generates a variety of bioactive
metabolites. Physical exercise can modulate kynurenine pathway metabolism in skeletal …

Background: Excessive proliferation and apoptosis resistance in pulmonary vascular cells
underlie vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Specific treatments …

Pain management is complex regardless of whether the pain is acute or chronic in nature or
non-cancer or cancer related. In addition, relatively few pain pharmacotherapy options with …

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated
by the neurotransmitter glutamate, mediate the slow component of excitatory …

N-Methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in multiple
physiopathological processes, including synaptic plasticity, neuronal network activities …

Kidney fibrosis is a highly deleterious process and a final manifestation of chronic kidney
disease. Alpha-(α)-synuclein (SNCA) is an actin-binding neuronal protein with various …

Astrocytes express neurotransmitter receptors that serve as sensors of synaptic activity and
initiate signals leading to activity-dependent local vasodilation and increases in blood flow …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the leading cause of vascular morbidity and mortality in
diabetes patients. Despite the progress in understanding the diabetic disease process and …

Background The diagnostic scheme for psychiatric disorders is currently based purely on
descriptive nomenclature given that biomarkers subtypes and clearly defined causal …