Immunology was founded by studying the body's response to infectious microorganisms,
and yet microbial prokaryotes only tell half the story of the immune system. Eukaryotic …

Although the molecules and cells involved in triggering immune responses against parasitic
worms (helminths) remain enigmatic, research has continued to implicate expansions of T …

Background" Alternatively-activated" macrophages are found in Th2-mediated inflammatory
settings such as nematode infection and allergic pulmonary inflammation. Due in part to a …

Mice with a genetically engineered deficiency for either IL-4 or IFN-gamma R1 (single
mutants), and IL-4/IFN-gamma R1 (double mutants) on the Balb/c and 129Sv background …

The identification of crossregulating T helper (Th) cells has revolutionized current
understanding of the immune response to infection. While paying tribute to this revolution …

Allergens and infections with parasitic helminths preferentially induce Th2 immune
responses associated with elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and expansion …

Cytokines, also referred to as interleukins, are the major orchestrators of host defence
processes, and, as such, are involved in insults, repair and restoration of tissue …

Interleukin (IL)-4–deficient mice were used to assess susceptibility to systemic or
gastrointestinal Candida albicans infections, as well as parameters of innate and elicited T …

Many helminths, including Brugia malayi, are able to establish long-lived infections in
immunocompetent hosts. Growing evidence suggests that the immune system's failure to …

Loss of T lymphocyte proliferation and the emergence of a host response that is dominated
by a Th2‐type profile are well‐established features of human filarial infection …