There is a diverging perception of climate tipping points, abrupt changes and surprises in
the scientific community and the public. While such dynamics have been observed in the …

This paper provides an overview of the United States (US) Department of Energy's (DOE's)
Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 (E3SMv2) fully coupled Regionally Refined …

Contemporary general circulation models (GCMs) and Earth system models (ESMs) are
developed by a large number of modeling groups globally. They use a wide range of …

Observational reconstructions indicate a contemporary increase in coastal ocean CO2
uptake. However, the mechanisms and their relative importance in driving this globally …

We describe the ocean general circulation model Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic Weather and
Climate Model (ICON‐O) of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, which forms the ocean …

The debate on the sign of the soil moisture–precipitation feedback remains open. On the
one hand, studies using global coarse-resolution climate models have found strong positive …

We present the first global ocean‐biogeochemistry model that uses a telescoping high
resolution for an improved representation of coastal carbon dynamics: ICON‐Coast. Based …

Future projections indicate the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) will
weaken and shoal in response to global warming, but models disagree widely over the …

We evaluate masked block-structured grids for ocean domains which allow to represent
small-scale geometric features without resorting to very small blocks or excessive mesh …

The current generation of Earth system models exhibits large inter-model differences in the
simulated climate of the Arctic and subarctic zone, with differences in model structure and …