It is well known that intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces severe
toxicity in mammals. The maximum tolerated dose of intravenous administration of LPS in …

The defense system of teleost fish organized on innate and adaptive immunity protects them
against a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms in the aquatic environment …

Aims: Present study explores importance of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and its
interaction with Rac2 in reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) …

Plasma cells are terminally differentiated antibody-secreting B lymphocytes that contribute to
humoral immunity by producing large numbers of antibodies. Increasing evidence suggests …

Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania parasites that infect several cell types. The
promastigote stage of Leishmania is internalized by phagocytic cells and transformed into …

The inflammatory response is driven by signals that recruit and elicit immune cells to areas
of tissue damage or infection. The concept of a mononuclear phagocyte system postulates …

The relationship between malignant B cells and macrophages has long been established.
Furthermore, evolutionary studies have demonstrated that B cells from early vertebrates …

B-1 lymphocytes comprise a unique subset of B cells that differ phenotypically,
ontogenetically and functionally from conventional B-2 cells. A frequent specificity of the …

Here, we have investigated the possible effect of B-1 cells on the activity of peritoneal
macrophages in E. cuniculi infection. In the presence of B-1 cells, peritoneal macrophages …

B-1 lymphocytes are a subtype of B cells with functional and phenotypic features that differ
from conventional B lymphocytes. These cells are mainly located in mice's pleural and …