Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Our understanding of the molecular properties of kainate receptors and their involvement in
synaptic physiology has progressed significantly over the last 30 years. A plethora of studies …

In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the inhibitory strength of chloride (Cl−)-
permeable GABAA and glycine receptors (GABAAR and GlyR) depends on the intracellular …

KCC2 is a neuron-specific K+–Cl− cotransporter that is essential for Cl− homeostasis and
fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the mature CNS. Despite the critical role of KCC2 in …

A metabotropic glutamate receptor coupled to phospholipase D (PLD‐mGluR) was
discovered in the hippocampus over three decades ago. Its pharmacology and direct …

KCC2 is the neuron-specific K+-Cl− cotransporter required for maintaining low intracellular
Cl−, which is essential for fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the mature CNS. Despite …

Kainate receptors (KARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that play fundamental roles in
regulating neuronal excitability and network function in the brain. After being cloned in the …

Neto1 and Neto2 auxiliary subunits coassemble with NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and
kainate receptors (KARs) to modulate their function. In the hippocampus, Neto1 enhances …

Although Netos are considered auxiliary subunits critical for kainate receptor (KAR) function,
direct evidence for their regulation of native KARs is limited. Because Neto KAR regulation is …

Synaptic inhibition depends on a transmembrane gradient of chloride, which is set by the
neuron-specific K+-Cl− co-transporter KCC2. Reduced KCC2 levels in the neuronal …