Envelope biogenesis and homeostasis in gram-negative bacteria are exceptionally intricate
processes that require a multitude of periplasmic chaperones to ensure cellular survival …

Gram-negative bacteria have a double-membrane cellular envelope that enables them to
colonize harsh environments and prevents the entry of many clinically available antibiotics …

The bacteria cell envelope is a complex multilayered structure that serves to protect these
organisms from their unpredictable and often hostile environment. The cell envelopes of …

The hallmark of gram-negative bacteria and organelles such as mitochondria and
chloroplasts is the presence of an outer membrane. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, the …

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is essential for their survival in harsh
environments and provides intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. This membrane is …

Gram-negative bacteria contain a double membrane which serves for both protection and for
providing nutrients for viability. The outermost of these membranes is called the outer …

The outer membrane is a formidable barrier that protects Gram-negative bacteria against
environmental threats. Its integrity requires the correct folding and insertion of outer …

β-barrel membrane proteins perform important functions in the outer membranes (OMs) of
Gram-negative bacteria and of the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes. The protein …

β-barrel membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are
assembled by highly conserved multi-protein complexes. The mechanism by which these …

Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases
(PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at …