The article draws from 199 sources on assessment, learning, and motivation to present a
detailed decomposition of the values, theories, and goals of formative assessment. This …

An argument that choice-based, process-oriented educational assessments are more
effective than static assessments of fact retrieval. If a fundamental goal of education is to …

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to share lessons learned and tools developed that
teachers can use to build pedagogically sound online courses. Transitioning to online …

An assessment‐oriented design‐based research model was applied to existing inquiry‐
oriented multimedia programs in astronomy, biology, and ecology. Building on emerging …

The purpose of this study was to interpret students' participation in terms of social and
argumentation norms to improve understanding of social interaction in scientific …

Although research has come to recognize the importance of studying classroom-based
student–teacher discourse in science, the emphasis remains largely on teachers' abilities to …

Recent science-education reforms have targeted students' ability to 'talk science', especially
in science classrooms. Prior research has shown that participation in scientific discourse in …

Teachers are the most important factor in student learning (National Research Council,
1996); yet little is known about the specialized knowledge held by experienced teachers …

Socio-cultural conceptions of learning shift the focus from what is in a student's mind to
student actions and interactions within the classroom setting where particular goals and …

Background: There has been an increasing emphasis on empowering pre-service and in-
service science teachers to attend student reasoning and use formative assessments to …