Climate projections suggest–with substantial certainty–that global warming> 1.5° C will
occur by mid-century (2050). Population is also projected to increase, amplifying the …

Northern ecosystems are experiencing some of the most dramatic impacts of global change
on Earth. Rising temperatures, hydrological intensification, changes in atmospheric acid …

It is now well recognized that there are more harmful algal blooms (HABs), more often, in
new and different places, often lasting longer, and with a range of toxicities, and that many of …

In January 2003, the US Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a “roundtable
discussion” to develop a consensus on the relationship between eutrophication and harmful …

Historically most harmful algal species (HAS) have been thought to be strictly phototrophic.
Mixotrophy, the use of phototrophy and heterotrophy in combination, has been emphasized …

There is increasing awareness that many terrestrial and aquatic organisms are not strictly
heterotrophic or autotrophic but rather mixotrophic. Mixotrophy is an intermediate nutritional …

Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are critical macroelements in freshwater systems.
Historically, researchers and managers have focused on inorganic forms, based on the …

Cultural eutrophication, the pollution of coastal waters by nutrients, is a result of population
growth, food production (agriculture, animal operations and aquaculture), and energy …

Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in the coast of Brazil, with an area of 384 km2. In
its surroundings live circa 16 million inhabitants, out of which 6 million live in Rio de Janeiro …

Climate change and anthropogenic pressures have significantly affected coastal
environments. This study obtained historical data on harmful algal blooms (HABs) and …