Over the past 20 years, protein engineering has been extensively used to improve and
modify the fundamental properties of fluorescent proteins (FPs) with the goal of adapting …

Single-molecule super-resolution microscopy has developed from a specialized technique
into one of the most versatile and powerful imaging methods of the nanoscale over the past …

Far-field optical microscopy using focused light is an important tool in a number of scientific
disciplines including chemical,(bio) physical and biomedical research, particularly with …

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its homologs from
diverse marine animals are widely used as universal genetically encoded fluorescent labels …

Chromophore cis/trans photoisomerization is a fundamental process in chemistry and in the
activation of many photosensitive proteins. A major task is understanding the effect of the …

This critical review provides an overview of the continually expanding family of fluorescent
proteins (FPs) that have become essential tools for studies of cell biology and physiology …

Photoinduced reactions play an important role in the photocycle of fluorescent proteins from
the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. Among such processes are photoisomerization …

All organic fluorophores undergo irreversible photobleaching during prolonged illumination.
Although fluorescent proteins typically bleach at a substantially slower rate than many small …

Fluorescence microscopy is indispensable in many areas of science, but until recently,
diffraction has limited the resolution of its lens-based variant. The diffraction barrier has been …

Lens-based optical microscopy failed to discern fluorescent features closer than 200 nm for
decades, but the recent breaking of the diffraction resolution barrier by sequentially …