The membrane responses upon activation of GABA (A) receptors critically depend on the
intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−] i), which is maintained by a set of transmembrane …

The advent of optogenetic tools has had a profound impact on modern neuroscience
research, revolutionizing our understanding of the brain. These tools offer a remarkable …

Neurons are perpetually receiving vast amounts of information in the form of synaptic input
from surrounding cells. The majority of input occurs at thousands of dendritic spines, which …

Intracellular chloride ion concentration ([Cl–] i) homeostasis is critical for excitatory/inhibitory
balance and volume regulation in neurons. We quantitatively map spatiotemporal dendritic …

STED microscopy is one of several fluorescence microscopy techniques that permit imaging
at higher spatial resolution than what the diffraction-limit of light dictates. STED imaging is …

Vesicles carry out many essential functions within cells through the processes of
endocytosis, exocytosis, and passive and active transport. This includes transporting and …

Dendritic spines are small, bulbous protrusions along dendrites in neurons and play a
critical role in synaptic transmission. Dendritic spines come in a variety of shapes that …

Fast synaptic inhibition in the nervous system depends on the transmembrane flux of Cl-ions
based on the neuronal Cl-driving force. Established theories regarding the determinants of …

The synapse specificity of long-term potentiation (LTP) ensures that no interference arises
from inputs irrelevant to the memory to be encoded. In hippocampi of aged (21–28 months) …

Fast synaptic inhibition is a critical determinant of neuronal output, with subcellular targeting
of synaptic inhibition able to exert different transformations of the neuronal input-output …