The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for protein quality control, and disruptions in its
function can lead to various diseases. ER stress triggers an adaptive response called the …

Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing a large number of compounds with a
variety of toxicity and carcinogenicity. Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke significantly …

Since the discovery of the myofibroblast over 50 years ago, much has been learned about its
role in wound healing and fibrosis. Its origin, however, remains controversial, with a number …

Hypothesis The secondary structure of proteins affects their functionality and performance in
physiological environments or industrial applications. Change of the solution pH or the …

Cellular protein homeostasis in the lungs is constantly disrupted by recurrent exposure to
various external and internal stressors, which may cause considerable protein secretion …

The pulmonary endothelium is a dynamic semipermeable barrier that orchestrates tissue-
fluid homeostasis; regulating physiological and immunological responses. Endothelial …

Previous investigations have increased the knowledge about the pathological processes of
inflammatory bowel diseases. Besides the complex organization of immune reactions, the …

Low back pain (LBP) is a global health issue. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a
major cause of LBP. Although the explicit mechanisms underpinning IDD are unclear …

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that participates in various physiological and
pathological processes. However, epidemiological observations indicate that overexposure …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease characterized by
airflow limitation and chronic inflammation of the lungs that is a leading cause of death …