The brain has almost no energy reserve, but its activity coordinates organismal function, a
burden that requires precise coupling between neurotransmission and energy metabolism …

Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions,
including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters …

Astrocytes provide key neuronal support, and their phenotypic transformation is implicated in
neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolically, astrocytes possess low mitochondrial oxidative …

Astrocytes take up glucose from the bloodstream to provide energy to the brain, thereby
allowing neuronal activity and behavioural responses,,,–. By contrast, astrocytes are under …

Background The brain was once thought of as an insulin-insensitive organ. We now know
that the insulin receptor is present throughout the brain and serves important functions in …

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a soluble endogenous gas with various biological functions like
signaling, and working as an effector molecule or metabolic regulator. In response to …

Neurons depend on oxidative phosphorylation for energy generation, whereas astrocytes do
not, a distinctive feature that is essential for neurotransmission and neuronal survival …

Glucose is the main energy substrate for the brain. There is now extensive evidence
indicating that the metabolic profile of neural cells with regard to glucose utilization and …

Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that populate the entire CNS after they have differentiated
from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. From birth onward, oligodendrocytes initiate wrapping …

Autosomal-recessive early-onset parkinsonism is clinically and genetically heterogeneous.
The genetic causes of approximately 50% of autosomal-recessive early-onset forms of …