The incidence of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) is 1· 15–16· 9 per 100 000 children,
varying by ethnicity and region. The cause remains unknown but the pathogenesis of …

Objective: To frame revised guidelines on diagnosis, evaluation, management, and
supportive care of patients with the illness. Process: The guidelines combine evidence …

Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartment of tissues within
the body. In nephrotic syndrome, edema is often seen in dependent areas such as the legs …

Purpose of review To explore the mechanisms underlying edema formation in nephrotic
syndrome. We highlight new methods of volume assessment and a stepwise approach to …

BACKGROUND: Syndrome nephrotic is the most common kidney disease found in pediatric
kidney disease, classification based on clinical response to steroids or histopathological …

Edema is one of the characteristic features of nephrotic syndrome besides proteinuria and
hypoalbuminemia. The pathophysiology is quite complex, although “underfill theory” and …

Identification of volume status in nephrotic syndrome (NS) is important but clinically
challenging. Urinary and serum indices can be helpful in assessing the volume status and …

Background Pediatrics with nephrotic syndrome (NS) have an increased prevalence of
cardiac difficulties. Several risk factors enhance the increase of cardiac modification such as …

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, consequent hypoalbuminemia,
and edema. Frequently it is triggered by infection and asthma. The annual incidence of …

Background: It is clinically difficult to assess the intravascular volume status of children with
edema in nephrotic syndrome. This makes decision-making challenging, regarding the use …