Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have enabled a historic increase in the conversion of electric
energy to photons, but this is approaching a physical limit. The theoretical maximum …

In recent years, research on light emitting diodes (LEDs) has highlighted their great potential
as a lighting system for plant growth, development and metabolism control. The suitability of …

In indoor farms, electric lighting controls pla growth and quality attributes, but incurs high
capital and operating costs. The photon spectrum, photoperiod, and photosynthetic photon …

Light is one of the most important ingredients for healthy plant growth. It is also responsible
for triggering a number of plant physiological responses. For centuries, humans have relied …

Container farms (CFs), integrating plant factories into mobile prefabricated buildings, are
emerging as a novel decentralized food production system to fortify sustainable urban …

Supplemental lighting (SL) is often used in greenhouse lettuce production to increase yield
when the solar daily light integral is low. High-pressure sodium (HPS) fixtures are …

Recent advances in light emitting diode (LED) technology have provided exciting
opportunities for plant lighting applications, and it is expected that LED lighting will soon …

High efficacy LED lamps combined with adaptive lighting control and greenhouse integrated
photovoltaics (PV) could enable the concept of year-round cultivation. This concept can be …

Anthocyanins are a group of human-health-promoting phenolic compounds that influence
the pigmentation of red-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Ultraviolet A (UVA; 315–399 nm) and …

It has been well documented that far-red radiation (FR; 700–799 nm) elicits a shade-
avoidance/shade-tolerance response across a wide range of plant species. Most sole …