The number and diversity of known CRISPR–Cas systems have substantially increased in
recent years. Here, we provide an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas …

The principal function of CRISPR–Cas systems in archaea and bacteria is defence against
mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including viruses, plasmids and transposons. However …

CRISPR-Cas systems are widespread in bacterial and archaeal genomes, and in their
canonical role in phage defence they confer a fitness advantage. However, CRISPR-Cas …

Gene therapy has revolutionized the treatment of genetic diseases. Spearheading this
revolution are sophisticated genome editing methods such as TALENs, ZFNs, and CRISPR …

Being frequently exposed to foreign nucleic acids, bacteria and archaea have developed an
ingenious adaptive defense system, called CRISPR-Cas. The system is composed of the …

Introduction Acinetobacter baumannii, an opportunistic pathogen, rapidly acquires antibiotic
resistance, thus compelling researchers to develop alternative treatments at utmost priority …

CRISPR‐Cas systems are bacterial and archaeal adaptive immune systems. The
mechanisms and biology of CRISPR are discussed in many recent reviews. This chapter …

CRISPR-Cas systems are used by many prokaryotes to defend against invading genetic
elements. In many cases, more than one CRISPR-Cas system co-exist in the same cell …

Viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoal biology is of cardinal importance for the evolutionary
history of life, ecology, biotechnology and infectious diseases. Various microbiological …

Microorganisms have developed many strategies in the process of long-term defense
against external attacks, one of which is the clustered regularly interspaced short …