The influence of the microenvironment on tumour progression is becoming clearer. In this
Review we address the role of an essential signalling pathway, that of transforming growth …

Immunosuppression is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC),
contributing to early metastasis and poor patient survival. Compared to the localized tumors …

It has been well documented that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in the
promotion of drug resistance, the support of tumor progression, invasiveness, metastasis …

The forkhead transcription factor Foxp3 is highly expressed in CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T
cells (Treg) and was recently identified as a key player in mediating their inhibitory functions …

TGFβ (transforming growth factor-beta) is a pleotropic cytokine with contrasting effects in
cancer. In normal tissue and early tumours, TGFβ acts as a tumour suppressor, limiting …

Background Progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is largely the result
of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/Smad …

The stem cell marker nestin is an intermediate filament protein that plays an important role in
cell integrity, migration, and differentiation. Nestin expression occurs in approximately one …

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), also known as aspirin, a classic, nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID), is widely used to relieve minor aches and pains and to reduce fever …

HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in 20% to 30% of human breast
cancers and which affects patient prognosis and survival. Treatment of HER2-positive breast …

Pancreatic carcinoma is the fourth-leading cause of cancer death and is characterized by
early invasion and metastasis. The developmental program of epithelial-mesenchymal …