The extracellular-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are evolutionarily conserved,
ubiquitous serine–threonine kinases that are involved in regulating cellular signaling in both …

The MAP kinase signaling cascade Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK has been involved in a large variety
of cellular and physiological processes that are crucial for life. Many pathological situations …

Summary Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is the key signal driving specification of primitive
endoderm (PrE) versus pluripotent epiblast (EPI) within the inner cell mass (ICM) of the …

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring biochemical
activities in live cells, but their multiplexing capacity is limited by the available spectral …

Reactivating post-natal myocardial regeneration potential may be a feasible strategy to
regenerate the injured adult heart. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated …

Chemoresistance is the crux of clinical treatment failure of small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Cancer stem cells play a critical role in therapeutic resistance of malignant tumors. Studies …

The intricate dynamic control and plasticity of RAS to ERK mitogenic, survival and apoptotic
signalling has mystified researches for more than 30 years. Therapeutics targeting the …

The DNA damage checkpoint is crucial to protect genome integrity. 1, 2 However, the early
embryos of many metazoans sacrifice this safeguard to allow for rapid cleavage divisions …

Protein phosphatases are involved in embryonic development, metabolic homeostasis,
stress response, cell cycle transitions, and many other essential biological mechanisms …

Primary cutaneous melanoma is the most lethal of all skin neoplasms and its incidence is
increasing. Clinical management of advanced melanoma in the last decade has been …