A network of interactions is called modular if it is subdivided into relatively autonomous,
internally highly connected components. Modularity has emerged as a rallying point for …

Aside from its selective role in filtering inter‐individual variation during evolution by natural
selection, the environment also plays an instructive role in producing variation during …

Morphological integration refers to the modular structuring of inter-trait relationships in an
organism, which could bias the direction and rate of morphological change, either …

This article reviews the latest developments in our understanding of the origin, development,
and evolution of nymphalid butterfly eyespots. Recent contributions to this field include …

Against a background of recent progress in developmental neuroscience, some of which
has been taken as challenging to the modularity hypothesis of, this article contrasts two …

Butterfly eyespots represent novel complex traits that display substantial diversity in number
and size within and across species. Correlative gene expression studies have implicated a …

Background There is spectacular morphological diversity in nature but lineages typically
display a limited range of phenotypes. Because developmental processes generate the …

Background Butterfly wing color patterns are a key model for integrating evolutionary
developmental biology and the study of adaptive morphological evolution. Yet, despite the …

Background Hox proteins specify segment identity during embryogenesis and have typical
associated expression patterns. Changes in embryonic expression and activity of Hox genes …

Background The environmental regulation of development can result in the production of
distinct phenotypes from the same genotype and provide the means for organisms to cope …