The chirality of small metabolic molecules is important in controlling physiological processes
and indicating the health status of humans. Abnormal enantiomeric ratios of chiral molecules …

Free d-amino acids (d-AAs) are emerging as a novel and important class of signaling
molecules in many organs, including the brain and endocrine systems. There has been …

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are located in neuronal cell membranes at
synaptic and extrasynaptic locations, where they are believed to mediate distinct …

Astrocytes are found throughout the brain where they make extensive contacts with neurons
and synapses. Astrocytes are known to display intracellular Ca2+ signals and release …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder still in search of effective
methods of diagnosis. Altered levels of the NMDA receptor co-agonist, d-serine, have been …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder involving an
extensive loss of motoneurons. Aberrant excitability of motoneurons has been implicated in …

After traumatic brain injury (TBI), glial cells have both beneficial and deleterious roles in
injury progression and recovery. However, few studies have examined the influence of …

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate enzymes are ubiquitous in the nitrogen metabolism of all
organisms. They catalyze a wide variety of reactions including racemization, transamination …

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) subserve numerous neurophysiological and
neuropathological processes in the cerebral cortex. Their activation requires the binding of …

Glial cells are increasingly recognized as active players that profoundly influence neuronal
synaptic transmission by specialized signaling pathways. In particular, astrocytes have been …