The development of a tracheal graft to replace long-segment defects has thwarted clinicians
and engineers alike for over 100 years. To better understand the challenges facing this field …

Breathing, being predominantly an automatic action, is often taken for granted. However,
respiratory diseases affect millions of people globally, emerging as one of the major causes …

Over the past 25 years, we have demonstrated the feasibility of airway bioengineering using
stented aortic matrices experimentally then in a first‐in‐human trial (n= 13). The present …

Formation of functional and perfusable vascular network is critical to ensure the long‐term
survival and functionality of the engineered tissue tracheae after transplantation. However …

In humans, the trachea is a conduit for ventilation connecting the throat and lungs. However,
certain congenital or acquired diseases may cause long-term tracheal defects that require …

Restoration of a long-segment circumferential tracheal defect remains an unmet challenge.
Future clinical studies require thoroughly documented visual evidence of outcomes to …

Currently, feasibility of face transplantation was confirmed; however, the life-long
immunosuppressive protocols bearing serious side effects are still required to prevent face …

The complex structure, chemical composition, and biomechanical properties of craniofacial
cartilaginous structures make them challenging to reconstruct. Autologous grafts have …

Tracheal resection and reconstruction procedures are necessary when stenosis,
tracheomalacia, tumors, vascular lesions, or tracheal injury cause a tracheal blockage …

Patients affected by long-segment tracheal defects or stenoses represent an unsolved
surgical issue, since they cannot be treated with the conventional surgery of tracheal …