Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

This review article offers an outlook on the use of opioids as therapeutics for treating several
diseases, including cancer and non-cancer pain, and focuses the analysis on the …

The analgesic utility of opioid-based drugs is limited by the life-threatening risk of respiratory
depression. Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), mediated by the μ-opioid …

Neuroplasticity in cortico-limbic circuits has been implicated in pain persistence and pain
modulation in clinical and preclinical studies. The amygdala has emerged as a key player in …

Deltamethrin, a widely used type II pyrethroid insecticide, was reported with neurotoxicity to
aquatic organisms, such as fish. However, the effects and potential mechanisms on the …

The functional interplay between the corticolimbic GABAergic and opioidergic systems plays
a crucial role in regulating the reward system and cognitive aspects of motivational …

Several neurochemical systems converge in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to regulate cognitive
and motivated behaviors. A rich network of endogenous opioid peptides and receptors …

The negative emotions caused by persistent pain, called affective pain, are known to
seriously affect human physical and mental health. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) …

Paclitaxel-treated patients frequently experience chemotherapy-induced peripheral
neuropathy (CIPN) and mood changes, such as anxiety. Layer II/III of the medial prefrontal …

Opioid receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that regulate activity within
peripheral, subcortical and cortical circuits involved in pain, reward, and aversion …