Stressful stimuli evoke complex endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are
extremely variable and specific depending on the type and nature of the stressors. We first …

The regulation of insulin on depression and depression‐like behaviour has been widely
reported. Insulin and activation of its receptor can promote learning and memory, affect the …

Hypoglycemia activates the counterregulatory response (CRR), a neural-endocrine reflex
that restores euglycemia. Although effective if occasionally activated, repeated induction of …

The co-occurrence of schizophrenia (SCZ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) has been well
documented. This review article focuses on the hypothesis that the co-occurrence of SCZ …

Background Myocardial injury (MI) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) poses a significant
threat to patient prognosis. However, effective intervention strategies are currently lacking …

This review summarizes knowledge on the effects of stress on two catecholamine
biosynthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N …

CRH is thought to play a role in responses of the adrenocortical and adrenomedullary
systems during stress. To investigate the role of CRH in stress-induced secretions of …

Responses of central noradrenergic (NE) neurons to stressors like immobilization (IMO),
cold exposure, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and cellular glucoprivation caused by 2 …

Acute stress evokes the fight-or-flight reflex, which via release of the catecholamine
hormones affects the function of every major organ. Although the reflex is transient, it has …

Hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) is characterised by an impairment in
adrenal medullary and neurogenic symptom responses following episodes of recurrent …