Executive summary Every infant, child, and adolescent will experience pain at times
throughout their life. Childhood pain ranges from acute to chronic, and includes procedural …

Background This is an update of the original Cochrane review first published in Issue 1,
2003, and previously updated in 2009, 2012 and 2014. Chronic pain, defined as pain that …

Ferroptosis, a new form of regulated cell death triggered by the iron-dependent peroxidation
of phospholipids, is associated with cellular metabolism, redox homeostasis, and various …

Itaconate is a well-known immunomodulatory metabolite; however, its role in hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Here, we find that macrophage-derived itaconate …

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in infants, children, and
adolescents worldwide; however, despite sufficient evidence of the beneficial effects of …

Chronic inflammatory pain is a severe clinical problem that greatly affects patients' quality of
life and causes huge economic burden. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation exerts …

Lactulose, as a prebiotic, can be utilized by human gut microbiota and stimulate their growth.
Although microbiota modulation has become an emerging approach to manage many …

Chronic pain is a serious public health problem with a strong affective-motivational
component that makes it difficult to treat. Most patients with chronic pain suffer from severe …

We know little about the safety or efficacy of pharmacological medicines for children and
adolescents with chronic pain, despite their common use. Our aim was to conduct an …

Background Pain is a common feature of childhood and adolescence around the world, and
for many young people, that pain is chronic. The World Health Organization guidelines for …