Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due
to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point …

The gut microbiota has been linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
The underlying mechanisms as to how intestinal microbiota may contribute to T2D are only …

This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet—including its structure, cell composition,
development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key …

Three principal ER quality-control mechanisms, namely, the unfolded protein response, ER-
associated degradation (ERAD), and ER-phagy are each important for the maintenance of …

Abstract β-cell dysfunction is a hallmark of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is
strongly associated with ageing-related β-cell abnormalities that arise through unknown …

β Cell apoptosis and dedifferentiation are 2 hotly debated mechanisms underlying β cell
loss in type 2 diabetes; however, the molecular drivers underlying such events remain …

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are two of the major causes of type 2
diabetes (T2D). Recent clinical and experimental studies have suggested that the functional …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the unresolved autoimmune inflammation and
islet β cell destruction. The islet resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in the hypothalamus has been implicated in the
pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and type 2 diabetes; however, the underlying …