Noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are among the most vulnerable brain systems in
neuropsychiatric diseases of ageing, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease …

How is the massive dimensionality and complexity of the microscopic constituents of the
nervous system brought under sufficiently tight control so as to coordinate adaptive …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small nucleus in the pons from which ascending and
descending projections innervate major parts of the central nervous system. Its major …

Panic disorder is characterized by uncontrollable fear accompanied by somatic symptoms
that distinguish it from other anxiety disorders. Neural mechanisms underlying these unique …

The classic view of sleep and vigilance states is a global stationary perspective driven by the
interaction between neuromodulators and thalamocortical systems. However, recent data …

Excitatory inputs drive burst firing of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenaline (NA) neurons in
response to a variety of stimuli. Though a small number of glutamatergic LC afferents have …

CO 2 exposure has been used to investigate the panicogenic response in patients with
panic disorder. These patients are more sensitive to CO 2, and more likely to experience the …

The locus coeruleus (LC) houses the vast majority of noradrenergic neurons in the brain and
regulates many fundamental functions, including fight and flight response, attention control …

Norepinephrine (NE) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) make long-range projections
throughout the central nervous system, playing critical roles in arousal and mood, as well as …

The cerebral cortex generates flexible behavior by learning. Reinforcement learning is
thought to be driven by error signals in midbrain dopamine neurons. However, they project …