Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and
increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates …

Purpose The present review critically evaluates existing literature on the effects of short-and
long-term low energy availability (EA) on bone metabolism and health in physically active …

Low energy availability (LEA) is a key element of the Female Athlete Triad. Causes of LEA
include failure to match high exercise energy expenditure (unintentional) or pathological …

Key points Overload training is required for sustained performance gain in athletes
(functional overreaching). However, excess overload may result in a catabolic state which …

Background Many jumping interventions have been performed in children and adolescents
in order to improve bone-related variables and thus, ensure a healthy bone development …

Bone is a biomechanical tissue shaped by forces from muscles and gravitation.
Simultaneous bone and muscle decay and dysfunction (osteosarcopenia or sarco …

Background Swimming, a sport practiced in hypogravity, has sometimes been associated
with decreased bone mass. Aim This systematic review aims to summarize and update …

• Nutritional status, and acute nutrient intake, can moderate the bone metabolic response to
exercise.• Appropriate use of biomarkers has the potential to progress knowledge on the …

Key points Reduced carbohydrate (CHO) availability before and after exercise may augment
endurance training‐induced adaptations of human skeletal muscle, as mediated via …

Physical inactivity not only places women's health at risk during menopause, but also
increases menopausal problems. Abundant evidence links habitual physical exercise (PE) …