Movement disorders can occur as primary (idiopathic) or genetic disease, as a manifestation
of an underlying neurodegenerative disorder, or secondary to a wide range of neurological …

Dystonia is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions,
twisting movements, and abnormal postures in various body regions. It is widely accepted …

Cervical dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by sustained, involuntary
movements of the head and neck. Most cases of cervical dystonia are idiopathic, with no …

Dystonia is a movement disorder that is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions,
abnormal movements and postures, as well as by non-motor symptoms, and is due to …

Cerebellar circuitry is important to controlling and modifying motor activity. It conducts the
coordination and correction of errors in muscle contractions during active movements …

Introduction: Dystonia is a neurological disorder associated with twisting motions and
abnormal postures, which compromise normal movements and can be both painful and …

Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases are one of the most common causes of secondary
movement disorders. Hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders may occur after an …

Background Secondary cervical dystonia is induced by organic brain lesions involving the
basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and brain stem. It is extremely rare to see cervical …

Background Cervical dystonia is mostly idiopathic in nature. However, a small subset of
cases are mimics, leading to diagnostic pitfalls. There is paucity of literature on …

Cerebellar degeneration is traditionally associated with ataxia. Yet, there are examples of
both ataxia and dystonia occurring in individuals with cerebellar degeneration. There is also …