The brain mechanisms of fear have been studied extensively using Pavlovian fear
conditioning, a procedure that allows exploration of how the brain learns about and later …

Since the 19th century, there has been disagreement over the fundamental question of
whether" emotions" are cause or consequence of their associated behaviors. This question …

Emotions are one of the most apparent and important aspects of our lives, yet have
remained one of the most enigmatic to explain scienti cally. On the one hand, nothing seems …

I propose a reconceptualization of key phenomena important in the study of emotion—those
phenomena that reflect functions and circuits related to survival, and that are shared by …

The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a well studied and highly tractable genetic
model organism for understanding molecular mechanisms of human diseases. Many basic …

To understand the brain, molecular details need to be overlaid onto neural wiring diagrams
so that synaptic mode, neuromodulation and critical signaling operations can be considered …

In neural networks that store information in their connection weights, there is a tradeoff
between sensitivity and stability,. Connections must be plastic to incorporate new …

Suppressing sensory arousal is critical for sleep, with deeper sleep requiring stronger
sensory suppression. The mechanisms that enable sleeping animals to largely ignore their …

Goal-directed social behaviours such as mating and fighting are associated with scalable
and persistent internal states of emotion, motivation, arousal or drive. How those internal …

Animals rely on the relative timing of events in their environment to form and update
predictive associations, but the molecular and circuit mechanisms for this temporal …