Finite element analysis (FEA) is no longer a new technique in the fields of palaeontology,
anthropology, and evolutionary biology. It is nowadays a well-established technique within …

The extent to which evolution is deterministic is a key question in biology, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9 with intensive debate on how adaptation 6, 10, 11, 12, 13 and constraints 14, 15, 16 might …

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a commonly used application in biomechanical studies of
both extant and fossil taxa to assess stress and strain in solid structures such as bone. FEA …

Using morphometrics to study nonavian dinosaur fossils is a practice that predates the origin
of the word “dinosaur.” By the 1970s, linear morphometrics had become established as a …

Anatomy of the first flying feathered dinosaurs, modern birds and crocodylians, proposes an
ancestral flight system divided between shoulder and chest muscles, before the upstroke …

Teeth evolved early in vertebrate evolution, and their morphology reflects important
specializations in diet and ecology among species. The toothless jaws (edentulism) in extant …

Pseudosuchian archosaurs, reptiles more closely related to crocodylians than to birds,
exhibited high morphological diversity during the Triassic and are thus associated with …

Marine amniotes have played many crucial roles in ocean ecosystems since the Triassic,
including predation at the highest trophic levels. One genus often placed into this guild is the …

Turtles have high shape variation of their mandibles, likely reflecting adaptations to a broad
variety of food items and ingestion strategies. Here, we compare functional disparity …

Counts of the number of skeletal specimens of “adult” megaherbivores and large theropods
from the Morrison and Dinosaur Park formations—if not biased by taphonomic artifacts …