Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is abused throughout the world.
METH addiction is also a major public health concern and the abuse of large doses of the …

The Janus kinase (JAK) family of nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinases consists of JAK1,
JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 (Tyrosine Kinase 2). Each of these proteins contains a JAK …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that leads to
memory loss and cognitive impairment over time. It is characterized by protein misfolding as …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle that is physiologically responsible for
protein folding, calcium homeostasis, and lipid biosynthesis. Pathological stimuli such as …

Efficient brain function requires as much as 20% of the total oxygen intake to support normal
neuronal cell function. This level of oxygen usage, however, leads to the generation of free …

Increasing evidence indicates that a key factor in neurodegenerative diseases is the
activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) caused by an accumulation of misfolded …

Cancer cells experience endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to activated oncogenes and
conditions of nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. The ensuing unfolded protein response …

Mitochondrial function is fundamental to maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Alterations in
mitochondrial biogenesis, energy production, and dynamics are behind many metabolic …

The goal of cancer research is to identify characteristics of cancer cells that allow them to be
selectively eliminated without harming the host. One such characteristic is autophagy …

As people age, their risks of developing degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes,
Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis …