Decades of research have identified genetic factors and biochemical pathways involved in
neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). We present evidence for the following eight hallmarks …

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

Blood-derived biomarkers for brain and spinal cord diseases are urgently needed. The
introduction of highly sensitive immunoassays led to a rapid increase in the number of …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a severe condition with an extremely high disability rate.
The challenges of SCI repair include its complex pathological mechanisms and the …

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease, estimated
to contribute 60–70% of all cases of dementia worldwide. According to the prevailing …

The blood–brain barrier is playing a critical role in controlling the influx and efflux of
biological substances essential for the brain's metabolic activity as well as neuronal function …

In the contexts of aging, injury, or neuroinflammation, activated microglia signaling with TNF-
α, IL-1α, and C1q induces a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, classified as A1, A1-like, or …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes
major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and …

INTRODUCTION A reference atlas of human cell types is a major goal for the field. Here, we
set out to generate single-cell atlases of both gene expression (this study) and chromatin …

Astrocytes are neural parenchymal cells that ubiquitously tile the central nervous system
(CNS). In addition to playing essential roles in healthy tissue, astrocytes exhibit an …