In recent years, it has become apparent that coronary microvascular dysfunction plays a
pivotal pathogenic role in angina pectoris. Functional and structural mechanisms can affect …

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell–cell and cell–matrix
interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising …

Many patients undergoing coronary angiography because of chest pain syndromes,
believed to be indicative of obstructive atherosclerosis of the epicardial coronary arteries …

The development of novel, non-invasive techniques and standardization of protocols to
assess microvascular dysfunction have elucidated the key role of microvascular changes in …

Myocardial ischemia is usually caused by abnormalities of epicardial coronary arteries. In
the past 30 years, however, several studies have shown that abnormalities in coronary …

Aims The long-term prognosis of angina in patients without obstructive coronary artery
disease (CAD) is uncertain. To assess the incidence of long-term adverse outcomes in such …

The significance, mechanisms and consequences of coronary microvascular dysfunction
associated with diabetes mellitus are topics into which we have insufficient insight at this …

Patients with microvascular angina (MVA) often have persistence of symptoms despite full
classical anti-ischemic therapy. In this study, we assessed the effect of ivabradine and …

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the prognosis of a large cohort of patients
with stable angina and unobstructed coronaries undergoing acetylcholine spasm testing …

Ranolazine, a piperazine derivative sold under the trade name Ranexa, is a well-tolerated
medication that selectively inhibits the late sodium current. Additionally, ranolazine has …