The immune system of fish possesses soluble factors, receptors, pathways and cells very
similar to those of the other vertebrates' immune system. Throughout evolutionary history …

The use of veterinary drugs for the treatments of fish diseases has often health and
environmental side effects and thus alternative more sustainable strategies are needed. In …

The skin of vertebrates is the outermost organ of the body and serves as the first line of
defense against external aggressions. In contrast to mammalian skin, that of teleost fish …

Sustainable aquaculture arises as key to increase food production in the coming years.
However, the sector still faces many challenges such as the exposure of the cultured …

Teleosts possess three immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain isotypes viz., IgM, IgT and IgD and
all three isotypes are reported in rainbow trout. The expression of these Ig isotypes in …

Immunoglobulin (Ig) M is an important immune effector that protects organisms from a wide
variety of pathogens. However, little is known about the immune response of gut mucosal …

Liver‐expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a small peptide, which is consisted of
signal peptide, pro‐peptide and the bioactive mature peptide. Mature LEAP2 is an …

Psychoactive compounds, and benzodiazepines (BZPs) in particular, represent an important
class of emerging pollutants due to their large (ab) use and high resistance to degradation …

Antarctica has long been considered a continent free from anthropic interference.
Unfortunately, recent evidence indicate that metal contamination has gone so far and that its …

The adaptive mucosal immune system seems to be an important defence mechanism for
fish, but the binding of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in mucosal organs has yet to be clarified in …